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Among the lessons being learned is how important security is to smart cities-to achieving the benefits of different applications and to avoiding the kinds of problems observed increasingly when the confidentiality, integrity, and/or availability of data systems for infrastructure and services are compromised. 3 Notwithstanding enormous innovation and proliferating pilot projects around the world, smart cities remain in a phase of experimentation and development. Indeed, when the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology looked in 2016 at the range of technologies that can enhance cities, they moved from discounting smart-city hype to concluding that urban technology progress hinges on data-data collection, data analysis, and data integration. The centrality of data drives many of the security concerns, as well as privacy concerns, for smart cities. Across smart cities worldwide, data is the common denominator, thanks to the various ICT applications that collect and share data, often through devices associated with the Internet of Things (IoT). The 21 st-century evolution of so-called smart cities partly realizes Mitchell's vision. Information and communication technology (ICT) has embodied his title in even more ways than he might have guessed, and it promises to continue to do so. The success of its most challenging deployment-the sunshield-is an incredible testament to the human ingenuity and engineering skill that will enable Webb to accomplish its science goals.In 1995, as the Internet became commercialized, visionary architect Bill Mitchell published City of Bits, 1 an exploration of how digital technology could profoundly change the structure and function of cities while cyberspace evolves to complement physical spaces.
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"Webb required not only careful assembly but also careful deployments. "This is the first time anyone has ever attempted to put a telescope this large into space," Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, says in the press release. Scientists expect their first photos from the telescope this summer, Tereza Pultarova reports for. After that, it'll take more time to finely align each segment of the mirror so the 18 pieces can act as one seamless unit. Once the 18 pieces are in place, they'll take around 100 days to cool off, and by then the telescope will have reached its spot in space-930,000 miles away from Earth. It is comprised of 18 hexagonal pieces that will need to fit perfectly together to properly reflect light to the telescope. It is more than 21 feet across, and-like the sunshield-was too large to fit in the rocket. Now that it's in position, the primary mirror will start to unfold over the next couple of days. Its job is to bounce reflected light from the large, primary mirror and channel it into the telescope, George Dvorsky reports for Gizmodo. It's a round mirror-around 2.5 feet across-that extends in front of the primary mirror held at the end of three long beams. Once the sunshield was finished, the telescope started configuring its secondary mirror, which clicked into place on Wednesday. It'll reflect light from the large mirror to the telescope. The small, secondary mirror extends far in front of the primary mirror. Ultimately, the layer closest to the telescope will drop to minus 394 degrees Fahrenheit, Rebecca Ramirez reports for NPR's Short Wave. The sunshield's outer layer can reach 230 degrees Fahrenheit, and the heat seeps out in the space between each layer. The telescope has five shiny, foil-like, ultra-thin layers that dissipate heat from the sun since the telescope only functions at extremely low temperatures. It took eight days to fully unfold and stretch the sunshield, and the last layer was secured on Tuesday around noon, CNN reports. The sunshield had to be folded up to fit inside the rocket that launched JWST. "This was the hardest part to test on the ground, so it feels awesome to have everything go so well today." "The membrane tensioning phase of sunshield deployment is especially challenging because there are complex interactions between the structures, the tensioning mechanisms, the cables and the membranes," James Cooper, the Webb sunshield manager, says in a statement. Of the more than 300 different ways the telescope could fail, 70 to 75 percent of those are cleared now that the sunshield is in place, Webb project manager Bill Ochs tells Ashley Strickland for CNN.